Everything about Jan Niecis Aw Baudouin De Courtenay totally explained
Jan Niecisław Ignacy Baudouin de Courtenay (
March 13,
1845 -
November 3,
1929) was a
Polish linguist and
slavist, best known for his theory of the
phoneme and
phonetic alternations. For most of his life he worked at
Imperial Russian universities:
Kazan (1874-1883),
Yuryev (as
Tartu,
Estonia was then known) (1883-1893),
Kraków (1893-1899) and
St. Petersburg (1900-1918)), where he was known as Иван Александрович Бодуэн де Куртенэ (Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de Kurtene). In 1919-1929 he was a professor at the re-established
University of Warsaw in a once again independent
Poland.
He was born in
Radzymin, near Warsaw, to a family of distant French extraction. One of his ancestors had been a French aristocrat who migrated to Poland during the reign of Polish King
August II the Strong. In 1862 Baudouin entered the "
Main School," a predecessor of the
University of Warsaw. In
1866 he graduated from its historical and philological faculty and won a scholarship of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Education. Leaving Poland, he studied at various foreign universities, including those of
Prague,
Jena and
Berlin. In 1870 he received a
doctorate from the
University of Leipzig for his
Polish-language dissertation
On the Old Polish Language Prior to the 14th Century.
Baudouin established the
Kazan School of Linguistics in the mid-1870s and served as professor at the local university from 1875. Later he was chosen as the head of linguistics faculty at the University of Yuryev (now
Tartu,
Estonia) (1883-1893). Between 1894 and 1898 he served the same post at the
Jagiellonian University in
Kraków only to be appointed to
St. Petersburg, where he continued to refine his theory of phonetic alternations. After
Poland regained independence in 1918 he returned to
Warsaw, where he formed the core of the linguistics faculty of the University of Warsaw. Since 1887 he'd a permanent seat in the
Polish Academy of Skills and since 1897 he was a member of the
Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1925 he was one of the co-founders of the
Polish Linguistic Society.
His work had a major impact on 20th century linguistic theory, and it served as a foundation for several schools of phonology. He was an early champion of synchronic
linguistics, the study of contemporary spoken languages, which he developed contemporaneously with the
structuralist linguistic theory of
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. Among the most notable of his achievements is the distinction between statics and dynamics of languages and between a
language, that is, an abstract group of elements, and
speech (its implementation by individuals). Together with his student
Mikołaj Kruszewski he also shaped the modern usage of the term
phoneme, which had been coined in 1873 by the French linguist A. Dufriche-Desgenettes.
Three major schools of 20th century
phonology arose directly from his distinction between
physiophonetic (
phonological) and
psychophonetic (
morphophonological) alternations: the
Leningrad School of Phonology, the
Moscow School of Phonology, and the
Prague School of Phonology. All three schools developed different positions on the nature of Baudouin's alternational dichotomy. The Prague School was the best known outside of the field of
Slavic linguistics. Throughout his life he published hundreds of scientific works in Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Italian, French and German.
Outside of his scientific work, Baudouin de Courtenay was also a strong supporter of national revival of various national minorities and ethnic groups. In 1915 he was arrested by the
Okhrana, Russian
secret service, for publishing a brochure on autonomy of peoples under Russian rule. He spent 3 months in prison, but was released. In 1922, without his knowledge, he was proposed by the national minorities of Poland as a presidential candidate, but was defeated in the third round of voting in the Polish parliament and eventually
Gabriel Narutowicz was chosen. He was also an active
esperantist and president of the
Polish Esperanto Association.
In 1927 he formally withdrew from the
Roman Catholic Church without joining any other religious denomination. He died in
Warsaw. He is buried at the Warsaw Reformed Cemetery with an epitaph: “He sought the truth and justice.”
His daughter,
Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa was one of the founders of Polish school of ethnology and anthropology as well as a professor at the universities of
Wilno and Warsaw.
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